The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland Free Essays

Abstract The current housing crisis in Maryland has devastated much of the inner city of Baltimore and surrounding counties. The economic collapse of 2008 has left many Maryland residences unemployed or underemployed. The direct impact of the economic collapse has left homeowners wondering how they will pay their mortgages and keep food on the table. We will write a custom essay sample on The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland or any similar topic only for you Order Now Maryland homeowners have been struggling to make ends meet. Some of the issues that are being faced have to do with the predatory lending practices of some mortgage lenders. President Obama signed an agreement to bailout some banks in hope to spare families from losing their homes. Those hopes did not pan out well. There was another bailout of $25 billion dollars allotted in Feb 2012 to help homeowners and reduce mortgages to the principal home values. Thus far the mortgage industry has done as little as possible to hold up their end of that bargain. We need to get educated and hold these predatory lenders accountable. The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland By a show of hands, how many people are in a financially challenging situation with paying their mortgage? Do you know that you may very well be a victim of predatory lending practices? You may be asking yourself what is predatory lending. Some of us are familiar with the term. For those who are not, I will explain what a predatory lender is and the effect they have had on our communities. Predatory lenders and the tactics they use to originate loans with unsophisticated buyers are unfair. We now have predatory legal and rescue services popping up everywhere with the defense that they are here to help us. I intend to provide you with information to free legal services and information to assist in the fight to hold the mortgage lenders accountable for what they are doing. I am a Baltimore City resident who is upside down in my mortgage. I owe more on my home than it is worth in today’s market. I am currently in the fight to have my mortgage lender do what is right by lowering my principle home value to a fair market price. I currently owe double what my home is worth. Many of us are upside down, have high interest rates or are currently in foreclosure. We are looking for relief from the banks that don’t seem to care much about where our families will sleep once we lose our homes. We need to embarrass them for the way they are treating minorities and low-moderate income families. Predatory lending practices are a huge contributing factor in the current economic crisis. Many families lost income and the home values have been declining drastically. Saving our homes from foreclosure is the main focus of many families in Maryland. I intend on exposing predatory lending practices that homeowners may not be aware of. The lack of strong regulations in Maryland has allowed unscrupulous mortgage lenders to take advantage of unsophisticated homeowners. Predatory lending has had a devastating effect on individuals and families. The term â€Å"predatory lending† has been used to describe a broad range of loans that are not common in the prime market. These loans do not offer any benefit to the borrower. Some of the most common predatory practices are: †¢Excessive fees and points †¢Ignoring borrower’s ability to repay †¢Balloon payments †¢Interest only loans †¢Excessive interest rates †¢Concealing the true cost of the loan Federal regulators have warned banks that non-traditional mortgages such as interest-only loans may lead to a rash of defaults when the principal must be paid or interest rates increase. With such loans, the homeowners are not paying towards the principal on the loan, only the interest. Interest rate increases could have a devastating effect on the mortgage payment monthly. Adjustable rates have the same devastating effect on homeowners. The interest rate is not guaranteed and could fluctuate greatly on a per month basis. With adjustable mortgage loan terms homeowners have no clue on what the loan would eventually cost them. This lending practice is a â€Å"set up to fail† proposition. Underemployment and lack of employment has been the peripheral nail in the coffin for many Maryland families. Many families have lost at least one household income and a few have lost both incomes. Income loss combined with the volatile housing market has crushed the American Dream for many homeowners. People who were able to find work after economic crisis, had to take drastic pay cuts which were not adequate to support their current needs. With the economic downturn families are left to pay for homes they cannot afford. This crisis occurred when the mortgage bubble burst. Many homes were being sold for much more than their fair market value. Once the bubble burst the home value depreciation was steep and sharp. People lost 20-40% of the equity in their homes. Although there are many programs available to help homeowners, the majority of them are unable to help homeowners who are under water on the mortgage due to the lost equity in their homes. Some foreclosures are voluntary. When the bubble burst, homeowners found themselves owing 100,000s more than the homes were worth. Those homeowners decided that paying off the mortgage was indeed a bad deal. So they just walked away from the properties. The new dagger in homeowners back is the rise in property taxes. The city government needs money so they have raised the taxed values of homes to bring in more money regardless if the home values are decreasing. Homeowners are losing their homes because their mortgage payments did not include an escrow for homeowners insurance and taxes. Once a homeowner becomes delinquent on their property taxes, they have to pay the past due amount in addition to the current amount due. For the Maryland residence that find themselves in foreclosure, please seek assistance sooner than later. Maryland laws do not demand that you are notified of the Intent to foreclose. Within your originating loan documents you signed either a â€Å"power of sale† or â€Å"assent to decree† which essentially is an ex parte order to sell your property if you are in default. In addition, the predatory lenders make it impossible to become current again once the mortgage is in default. They can add servicing fees such as late fees, force placed insurance, inspection fees, etc. to make it difficult to bring the account current. We as homeowners have the right to stay in our homes. Homes we have cared for over the years. The banks should not have the right to evict us without improving the foreclosure process so we have better and earlier notice and the opportunity to redeem prior to significant costs being incurred. They should reduce the loan principle to the fair market value, adjust interest rates and reevaluate the financial situation of the homeowners. The mortgage industry did a disservice to many of the homeowners in the room. Many of us were uninformed about the repercussions and pitfalls involved with interest only, variable rates and balloon payment loans. Predatory lending practices contributed directly to the economic crisis of the mortgage industry in Maryland. I would like to provide information to several pro bono legal services and housing resources: Pro Bono Resources Center of Maryland. (410)837-9379 or toll free (800)396-1274 www. probonomd. org 1. Civil Justice, Inc. www. civiljusticenetwork. org 2. Public Justice Center (410) 625-9409 for tenants who landlords are in foreclosure 3. Community Law Center (410) 366-7777 www. communitylaw. org 4. Maryland Hope (877) 462-7555 www. mdhope. dhcd. maryland. gov 5. Foreclosure Proceedings in Maryland (Brochure): http://www. msba. org/departments/commpubl/publications/brochures/foreclosure. htm There has been an ongoing investigation into the banking fraud and predatory lending scandal. President Obama signed another bailout of $25 billion dollars in Feb 2012 to help homeowners and reduce principle mortgage values. The bailout involved Bank of America, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, Ally Financial and JPMorgan Chase. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae have yet to come on board however they do offer some homeowner assistance with modification of term and underwater loans. Many look at the bailout as another opportunity to reward the banks for the wrong doing they have done to the citizens and many communities. I was able to look at the bigger picture. This is a way to monitor how many loans are modified and how many principle values are reduced. By providing the bailout this time around there were defined stipulations as to what the funds are to be used for. North Carolina’s Banking Commissioner Joseph Smith will serve as the â€Å"independent monitor† to enforce the deals and their terms. The bailout does very little for the people who have already lost their homes. They are eligible to receive up to $2000. How to cite The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland, Papers

Corporate Management to Blog Visibility †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Management to Blog Visibility. Answer: Introduction: The international hotel and hospitality brand, Marriot International, is one of the most prestigious and most desirable brands all around the world. When travelers put more emphasis on enhancing their personal experience within their stay in the hotels, they chose the brand over others. Marriot itself is a premium brand that provides a vast numbers of choices for the clients from all around the world for leisure and business travel (Wong Wickham, 2015). Marriot has been famous for delivering an unmatched guest experience at different global destinations. The organization is now providing a vast array of services to its clients which signify the enduring commitment of the organization of offering a greater service. Marriot has been considered to be the second valuable hotel brands all over the world in a recent survey. The brand value of the Marriot brand is considered to be 5.32 USDM in the year 2016 (Huang Cai, 2015). The Marriot International has more value than most favorable br ands in the world as the organization has been able to create an out of the world experience for the clients. Considering the scale of luxury hotels and brands, the Marriot International is capable of managing the high end luxury portfolio which has already been developed. The Marriot also does not have the value conferring equity, as the hotel brand itself is a luxury brand which is mostly known for the functional brands, mid tier suits etc (Liu et al., 2017). It is also one of the economic business travel brands all over the world. As far as the Marriott- W hotel Hong Kong is considered, this property sits at one of the higher places within the brand. There are three strata in the brand value recognition, invisible, mixed and pure (Lee, Oh Hsu, 2017). The invisible stratum is the one where the hospitality organizations are holding the developed brand position yet they are entirely autonomous. The Marriott- W hotel Hong Kong certainly does not include in this sector as it seems to unappealing as it seems to be compromised as most of the independent luxury brands are to be included here. Th e mixed stratum is mostly the set of the sub brands or the less endorsed brands; however the Marriott- W hotel Hong Kong is not even a part of this stratum as well. However, the within the pure brands, the endorsed or the pure brands are included. Marriott- W hotel Hong Kong is a part of this stratum which signifies that the hotel has all the functional segments which can build the brand in the international market. It stands within a diversified portfolio across a wide range of price points. The target market is the set of individuals or a group of sub-segments within the market place where the organization tends to identify its primary client base. There are several methods of segmenting the client base. For instance, any organization may want to segregate its customer base on the basis of its geographic locations such as cities, media markets or neighborhoods. The organization can also segment its client base on the basis of the demographic division which considers the education, cultures, race, age, income of the clients (Wong Wickham, 2015). Each of the target market has been designed considering the services and products in a method that meets the primary requirements of the client base. The brand, Marriot International is a luxury brand which designs its target market who seeks a luxurious and quiet place while they are staying the hotel. These customers mostly belong to the high income groups who are mostly in their 30s and they mostly tend to travel for their bu siness purposes. Moreover these customers are sophisticated, individualistic and usually self-defined who tend to spend a good amount of money while they are travelling for any business purpose. Therefore the Marriot hotels all over the world are providing an elegant and simple atmosphere for the clients that make them feel comfortable and leisured as much as possible without any kind of disruption or distraction (Lee, Oh Hsu, 2017). This brand is mostly for the travelers who want to travel in luxury. Marriott- W hotel Hong Kong is also one of the Marriott hotels that provide a comfortable stay for the clients. The deluxe rooms with city views are entirely blended with technologies including Wi-Fi, large TVs and marble bathrooms. The customers can enjoy the Hong Kong city skyline, the mountains from their rooms (Marriott, 2017). There are also additional perks such as outdoor pools, gym and the exquisite dining experience. Therefore the Marriott- W hotel Hong Kong meets all the qua lities to meet the target client base of the Marriot hotels. Reference list and Bibliography Dennis, A. R., Minas, R. K., Lockwood, N. S. (2016). Mapping the corporate blogosphere: linking audience, content, and management to blog visibility. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 17(3), 162. Huang, Z. J., Cai, L. A. (2015). Modeling consumer-based brand equity for multinational hotel brandsWhen hosts become guests. Tourism Management,46, 431-443. Lee, S., Oh, H., Hsu, C. H. (2017). Country-of-operation and brand images: evidence from the Chinese hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,29(7). Liu, M. T., Wong, I. A., Tseng, T. H., Chang, A. W. Y., Phau, I. (2017). Applying consumer-based brand equity in luxury hotel branding.Journal of Business Research. Marriott. (2017). Marriott.com. Retrieved 26 August 2017, from https://www.marriott.com Wong, T., Wickham, M. (2015). An examination of Marriott's entry into the Chinese hospitality industry: A Brand Equity perspective. Tourism Management,48, 439-454.

Th Marriage of Figaro Research Paper free essay sample

The Marriage of Figaro research essay Cigar premiered at the Burgomaster In Vienna on 1 May 1786, the cast for which Is included in the Roles section below. Mozart himself directed the first two performances, conducting seated at the keyboard, the custom of the day. Later performances were by Joseph Weigh. 6] The first production was given eight further performances, all in 1786. [7] Although the total of nine performances was nothing like the frequency of performance of Mozart later success The Magic Flute, which for months was performed roughly every other the premiere Is generally judged to have been a success. The applause of the audience on the first night resulted in five numbers being encored, seven on 8 May. 8] Joseph II, who, in addition to his empire, was in charge of the Burgomaster,[9] was concerned by the length of the performance and directed his aide Count Rosenberg as follows: To prevent the excessive duration of operas, without however prejudicing the fame often sought by opera singers from the repetition of vocal pieces, I deem the enclosed notice to the public (that no piece for more than a single voice Is to be repeated) to be the most reasonable expedient. We will write a custom essay sample on Th Marriage of Figaro Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You will therefore cause some posters to this effect to be The requested posters were printed up and posted in the Burgomaster in time for the third performance on 24 May. [11] The newspaper Wiener Realization carried a review of the opera in its issue of 11 July 1786. It alludes to interference probably produced by paid hecklers, but praises the work warmly: Mozart music was generally admired by connoisseurs already at the first performance, If I except only those whose self-love and conceit will not allow them to find merit In anything not written by themselves.The public, however did not really know on the first day here it stood. It heard many a bravo from unbiased connoisseurs, but obstreperous louts in the uppermost storey exerted their hired lungs with all their might to deafen singers and audience alike with their SST! And SST; and consequently opinions were divided at the end of the piece. Apart from that, It Is true that the first performance was none of the best, owing to the difficulties of the composition.But now, after several performances, one would be subscribing either to the cabal or to tastelessness if one were to maintain that Herr Mozart music is anything but a masterpiece of art. It contains so many beauties, and such a wealth of ideas, as can be drawn only from the source of innate The Hungarian poet Prefer Chintzy was In the audience for a May performance, and later remembered the powerful Impression the work made on him: [Nancy] Storage [see below], the beautiful singer, enchanted eye, ear, and soul. Mozart directed the orchestra, playing his appropriate; the joy which this music causes is so far removed from all sensuality that one cannot speak of it. Where could words be found that are worthy to describe such joy? [13] Joseph Haydn appreciated the opera greatly, writing to a rend that he heard it in his dreams s4102361 rhea Marriage of Figaro researc h essay cigar premiered at the Burgomaster in Vienna on 1 May 1786, the cast for which is for months was performed roughly every other day,[5] the premiere is generally lugged to have been a success.The applause of the audience on the first night public (that no piece for more than a single voice is to be repeated) to be the most n time for the third performance on 24 May. [11] The newspaper Wiener Realization Nas generally admired by connoisseurs already at the first performance, if I except only those whose self-love and conceit will not allow them to find merit in anything Inhere it stood. It heard many a bravo from unbiased connoisseurs, but opinions were divided at the end of the piece.

Qwswd Essays - Personality Traits, Positive Psychology, Free Essays

Qwswd Essays - Personality Traits, Positive Psychology, Free Essays Qwswd * Emotional Intelligence (EI) (text p. 300) = 1. knowing and managing one?s emotions 3. maintaining satisfying relationships 2. empathizing with others * EI abilities characterize people who excel in life: 1. self-awareness 2. impulse control 3. persistence 4. zeal 5. empathy 6. social deftness * Your Emotional Intelligence: 1. how would you rate it overall? 2. what items (above ) are you good at? which do you need to work on? I believe that I am good at self-awareness because it is having a clear perception of my personality like my strengths, weakness, motivations and emotions. It also allows me to understand other people. It is a first step in creating what I want and my emotions and behavior determine where I go in life. It is developed through practices in focusing my attention on the details of my personality and behavior. I know my strength is my family and it can lead me to the path of success. It is a solid understanding how we relate to the others and ourselves. I also look at my past issue that I have had with people and be honest with myself. I think I need to work on self-motivation. I always see myself motivated by someone else. Q2: Happiness * People have rated their happiness in terms of how good they feel about their lives (p. 306) * How happy do 2 significant others in your life seem with their lives? Why? * What would make you happier with your life, and what are you doing to make it happen? I believe to make someone else happy in life is more important; the only way that we can really do so is by being ourselves and making ourselves happy. It is the most important feeling. It can be found in many different ways. If we think positive then we can live happy. If we are physically active this may also give us happiness and having money is also reason of happiness because we can fulfill our dreams with money. Like when I visited to India last year I was walking on the road and I saw one poor guy didn?t had anything to eat and his clothes were ripped off too. I had felt bad about it because it was too cold outside. What I did I took him to my house and gave him one of my pants, shirt and jacket along with shoes so he could stay warm. That really had made me happy. Q3: Trait Personality Theories * Take the Big 5 Trait Test at outofservice.com/bigfive/ (link in Webliography) * What are your results (summarize, don?t reproduce)? Is it accurate? Why or why not? * Are trait tests a good way to measure personality? Why or why not? Openness to experience: I would say that I got 20% in this because I am not creative, flexible and adventurous. Conscientiousness: I would say that I got 92% in this because Conscientiousness is trait of being careful. It includes self-discipline, carefulness, organization and need for achievement. Extraversion: I got 70% in this because I like getting my energy from different activities. I get excited when I am around other people and I like to energize them too. Agreeableness: I got 93% in this because I can get along with everyone. I like to help everyone and I forgive people easily. Neuroticism: I got 1% because I really don?t get nervous easily. I remain calm in every situation. I would say yes it is a good way to measure personality because in this way we can find our level of personalities and I think most of time it is accurate. If we start testing ourselves often then we will find where we at and what area we need to work on. Q4: Other Personality Theories * Read Chapter 12: ?Personality,? pp. 320-29. * Explain 3 things you learned about yourself from these personality theories: - Freud (pp. 320-23), Adler (324), Horney (325), Rogers (327-8), Maslow (328-9) 1.I have learned about how to deal with my situation. I have to be brave to able to deal with problems. 2.All human have need to feel respected it includes the need to have self esteem and self respect. 3.If you feel

Destination Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Destination Management - Assignment Example These plans and policies help the management body in formulating decisions in a collective fashion in regards to the problems emanating in the tourism markets. Destination Management functions work on the measurement of several key issues pertaining to the demand and supply systems of tourism operations. The planning process gets based on a market research theme such that an effective sample is first selected which is subjected to a questionnaire. The questionnaire aims to evaluate the demand and supply position based on some basic and secondary information. Study of basic demand in regards to tourism destinations centres on understanding the reasons for the visits of the people whether related to business or touring purposes. Further it also tries to evaluate the number of persons constituting each trip and the number of nights they ought to stay in the place selected. The analysis of demand based on basic items also endeavours to evaluate the amount that would be expended by the di fferent individuals or groups in regards to their tourism activities. The study based on secondary items focuses on understanding the professions into which the people are engaged in and other personal details regarding the size of the family, age of the visitors and the frequency of their visits in regards to such areas. Likewise in regards to the supply side evaluation is made on the type of tourist accommodations whether pertaining to commercial or non-commercial uses, the number of rooms rendered in one particular unit, the price factor related to such rooms, cultural factors related to the zones to help attract consumers and so on. Further secondary items that mainly constitute the physical evidence part of the service organisations are also evaluated. Such items focus on the existence of facilities like cafeteria, and other sports and recreational items adhered to such hotel companies. Moreover the corporate hotel groups also tend to encompass facilities pertaining to shopping and fitness zones that are evaluated in such regard. The supply and demand parameters are matched with each other to rightly formulate marketing and promotional policies aimed at attraction of potential tourist groups to different zones (Vanhove, 2010, p.24-26; Smith, 1989, p.60). Strategic and Tactical Management Approaches in Management of Tourism Destinations Strategic Management Approaches Strategic Management approaches in endeavouring to enhance the competitive advantage position of the tourism destinations centre on popularising the brand image of the tourist destinations. The strategic activities in this regard aim at differentiating one tourist destination from another through enhancement of the cultural image of the specific tourist spots. Moreover the enhancement of the brand image of the tourism destinations are conducted through linking such with the personality attributes of the tourist groups. Tourists tend to relate or associate their social status to the tourist pl aces as a symbol or mark of prestige that needs to be marketed in the tourism programs. Further strategic

Stanton And Women Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stanton And Women Liberty - Essay Example During the period of American Revolution, white males having personal property were allowed to vote, the general attitude about women started to grow conservative. Women were allowed limited privileges, and had certain responsibilities to be carried out, including household activities. Elizabeth arranged a meeting in 1848, at Waterloo. The purpose of the gathering was to fight for women rights. Her colleagues were Quakers and were associated with anti slavery cause and temperance movement. In the meeting, she openly criticized the American government for its failure to protect and safeguard the rights of women. She discussed some of her concerns in this regard. She protested against laws, that offered husband with the permission to beat his wife, she protested for not allowing wife to divorce her spouse. The previous laws and practices, according to which, when a woman got married, all of her property, including her children, automatically became her husband's property, was opposed and challenged. Elizabeth immediately requested revival of policies. The meeting concluded with a plan to launch Women's Rights Convention, where Elizabeth drew up a declaration of woman's right and modeled it after the Declaration of Independence. Elizabeth protested and condemned such laws, according to which married women was treated as if she was civilly dead, women had no right on their property and earnings. She openly criticized the divorce laws for ignoring the happiness of wife, imposing taxes on her property, but not providing her with the right to vote, and demanded right to vote. She demanded equal education for all, irrespective of gender. Elizabeth was then selected as the leader of women's rights movement. She struggled, and never lost courage and determination. Majority was against her views regarding women, and opposition poured in from all sides. Elizabeth criticized the society for considering women as secondary or inferior being, without the ability to think logically, especially in the political arena. (Blatch, Harriot Stanton an d Alma Lutz (1940). Challenging Years: the Memoirs of Harriot Stanton Blatch). In 1851, Elizabeth met Susan B. Anthony, both applied concentrated efforts for women's right. Elizabeth possessed personality and strong speaking ability; she was the brains, the public figure for this cause. Elizabeth was selected as the President of National American Women's Suffrage Association; she remained in this authority from 1869 to 1892. She spent her time circulating and signing petitions for emancipation activities, during the civil war. She stressed that the women population should be allowed to vote, she concluded that, women's suffrage can only be addressed if constitutional amendment in incorporated allowing women right to cast independent vote. She desired the political empowerment of American women. In one of Elizabeth's later speeches that she delivered in 1892, tilted The Solitude of Self, she stated that every individual, irrespective of gender, stands alone. An individual, according to her, is responsible for personal actions, and therefore should accept consequ ences, create a moral life, and take a stand or not. Before moving to Seneca Falls, Elizabeth developed strong interaction with Lucretia Mott, the Quaker minister, feminist, and abolitionist. She met her at the International Anti-Slavery Convention in London, England in the spring of 1840. The two women were able to

Primiparous perception of labour pain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Primiparous perception of labour pain - Essay Example Back ground and obstetrical data will be collected using patient's files. Following the completion of each interview; Data are usually text so audio tapes transcription using data base needed and themes best describing pain perception will be analysed. Hermeneutic phenomenological approach will guide me to understand women's experience of labour pain. This study will take a step in complex field of pain understanding and management by attempting to gain more understanding of primiparous perception of labour pain by focusing on quality, nature and meaning of pain rather than pain intensity. According to Creswell (1998), "The investigator writes a research questions that explores the meaning of that experience for individuals and asks individuals to describe their every day lived experience then collects data from individuals who have experienced the phenomena under investigation". Normal birth defined as "Spontaneous in onset, low-risk at the start of labour and remaining so throughout labour and delivery. The infant is born spontaneously [without help] in the vertex position [head down] between 37 and 42 completed weeks of pregnancy. After birth mother and baby are in good condition." (WHO, 1999). Although natural labour pain is a positive pain indicates that women's body working well and hard, and mostly increases in intensity with progress of labour, reaching mother to appositive end - the baby; most women report painful labour especially for those who had not previous birth experience "primiparous women". Most women represent perceived labour pain as cramping, sharp, aching, throbbing, pressing, shooting, and few women not experienced painful labour. That means the only suffering women can know what it feels like .The degree of pain experienced during labour is related to frequency, intensity, duration of uterine contraction and dilatation of the cervix. The positions of the fetus, descent of presenting part, stretching of the perineum and pressure on the bladder, bowel and sensitive pelvic structures also contribute to pain levels (Melzack, 1993). During the first stage of labour visceral pain of diffuse cramping and uterine contraction felt more within primiparous , in the second stage of labour ,sharper and more continues somatic pain in the perineum caused by fetal head pressure felt more within multiparous women.(Lee Man et al 2003). According to Ural (2004) labour pain perception and expererience range from woman to woman and also from pregnancy to pregnancy. Waldenstrom (1999) highlighted many of the factors that affect experience of labour pain like: belief in ability to cope with pain, societal expectations and beliefs about labour pain, birth environment, anxiety, fear and previous experience of birth. Midwifes are less able to accurately identify pain levels when the women describe them as sever. Non verbal cues (facial expression, body movement and vocalization) may be appropriate tools for the assessment of pain, however, action